Through data mining and analysis, teachers can discover new teaching resources and knowledge points and integrate them into the teaching content. Meanwhile, the application of big data also helps to make middle school teaching more scientific and efficient. By analyzing teaching data, teachers can more accurately assess teaching effectiveness, identify problems and deficiencies in teaching, and make timely improvements. This work will explore the reform and practice of middle school teaching in the context of big data from six aspects: the flipped classroom teaching model of junior high school mathematics in the background of big data, teaching strategies of junior high school Chinese in the era of big data, the application of course resources of junior high school morality and rule of law in the background of big data, the application of big data in precise teaching of senior high school mathematics, the application of Jike big data in senior high school physics teaching, and the application of precise teaching of senior high school history in the background of big data. It is hoped that through the research of this work, the innovative development of middle school teaching work can be promoted.